1.
SIMPLE
PRESENT TENSE
A. THE
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IS USED:
ü
To
express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations,
emotions and wishes :
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)
ü
To
give instructions or directions :
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
ü
To
express fixed arrangements, present or future :
Your exam starts at 09.00
Your exam starts at 09.00
ü
To
express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon
as, until :
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
B. FORMS
OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Simple
present tense dibentuk dari verb-1 (present tense) atau linking verb “be” (is, am, are). Apa itu verb-1?
Verb-1 merupakan bare infinitive dengan tambahan -s atau -es
(contoh verb-1: does, goes, wants) khusus
untuk subject berupa singular noun (kata benda tunggal:
Tita, book, car) atau third person singular pronoun (kata ganti orang
ketiga tunggal: she, he, it); atau tanpa tambahan apapun (contoh verb-1: do,
go, want) untuksubject berupa plural noun (boys, men, books)
atau plural pronoun (we, they), pronounI/you, atau compound subject (you and me, Tina and Ratih).
Dengan
demikian rumus simple present tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif,
dan interogatif sebagai berikut.
|
Bentuk
|
Rumus
Simple Present Tense
|
Contoh
Kalimat
|
|
Statement
(+) |
S + V-1
S +/- auxiliary (do/does) + bare infinitive |
She likes
eating out
|
|
The
children are naughty.
|
||
|
negative
(-) |
S +
auxiliary (do/does) + not + bare infinitive
|
She doesn’t
like eating out
|
|
S +
be(am/is/are) + not
|
The
children aren’t naughty
|
|
|
question
(?) |
Do/Does + S
+ bare infinitive ?
|
Does she
like eating out ?
|
|
Be(am/is/are)
+ S ?
|
Are the
children naughty ?
|
Catatan:
Pada kalimat
positif, normalnya auxiliary verb (do/does) tidak digunakan,
melainkan hanya digunakan jika perlu untuk memberi penekanan pada keharusan
melakukan aksi.
C. NOTES
ON THE SIMPLE PRESENT, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR
§
In
the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
§
Negative
and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the
infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
§
Verbs
ending in -y : the third person changes
the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
§
Add -es to
verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
D. EXAMPLE
OF EACH TENSE
1.
Working whole day makes my body so tired, I need to take
a rest
2.
She goes to campus every morning
3.
Regina takes a shower every day
4.
I usually eat lunch at the cafetaria
5.
The earth revolves around the sun
2.
SIMPLE
PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
A. FUNCTIONS
OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
As with all
tenses in English, the speaker's attitude is as important as the time
of the action or event. When someone uses the present continuous, they are thinking
about something that is unfinished or incomplete
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS IS USED:
ü
To
describe an action that is going on at this moment: You are using the
Internet. You are studying English grammar.
ü
To
describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a
trend: Are you still working for the same company? More and more
peopleare becoming vegetarian.
ü
To
describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or
prepared: We're going on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my
boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?
ü
To
describe a temporary event or situation: He usually plays the drums,
but he's playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was
good, butit's raining at the moment.
ü
With
"always, forever, constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing
series of repeated actions: Harry and Sally are always arguing!You're
constantly complaining about your mother-in-law!
BE CAREFUL! Some verbs are not
usually used in the continuous form
B. FORMING
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The present
continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the
verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.
(The form of
the present participle is: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving,
smiling)
|
Affirmative
|
||
|
Subject
|
+ to
be
|
+ base
+ ing
|
|
She
|
is
|
talking.
|
|
Negative
|
||
|
Subject
|
+ to
be + not
|
+ base
+ ing
|
|
She
|
is not
(isn't)
|
talking
|
|
Interrogative
|
||
|
to be
|
+ subject
|
+ base
+ ing
|
|
Is
|
she
|
talking?
|
C. VERBS
THAT ARE NOT USUALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS FORM
The verbs in
the list below are normally used in the simple form because they refer
to states, rather than actions or processes.
SENSES
/ PERCEPTION
- to
feel*
- to
hear
- to
see*
- to
smell
- to
taste
OPINION
- to
assume
- to
believe
- to
consider
- to
doubt
- to
feel (= to think)
- to
find (= to consider)
- to
suppose
- to
think*
MENTAL
STATES
- to
forget
- to
imagine
- to
know
- to
mean
- to
notice
- to
recognise
- to
remember
- to
understand
EMOTIONS
/ DESIRES
- to
envy
- to
fear
- to
dislike
- to
hate
- to
hope
- to
like
- to
love
- to
mind
- to
prefer
- to
regret
- to
want
- to
wish
MEASUREMENT
- to
contain
- to
cost
- to
hold
- to
measure
- to
weigh
OTHERS
- to
look (=resemble)
- to
seem
- to
be (in most cases)
- to
have(when it means
"to possess")*
EXCEPTIONS
Perception
verbs (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) are often used
with can: : I can see... These verbs may be used in the
continuous form but with a different meaning
·
This
coat feels nice and warm. (your perception of the coat's
qualities)
·
John's
feeling much better now (his health is improving)
·
She has three
dogs and a cat. (possession)
·
She's
having supper. (She's eating)
·
I
can see Anthony in the garden (perception)
·
I'm
seeing Anthony later (We are planning to meet)
D. EXAMPLES
OF EACH TENSE
1.
I'm
meeting my mother at the airport tomorrow.
2.
Our
grandmother is visiting us at Christmas.
3.
Sorry,
I can't stay after school today; I'm playing tennis with Jun-Sik.
4.
My
mother's going to the dentist tomorrow.
5.
I'm
not going home at Christmas, so I can come to your party after all!
3.
SIMPLE
PAST
A. FUNCTIONS
OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The simple
past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before
now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent
past or the distant past.
EXAMPLES
ü
John
Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
ü
My
father died last year.
ü
He lived in
Fiji in 1976.
ü
We crossed the
Channel yesterday.
You always
use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is
associated with certain past time expressions
·
frequency: often,
sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
·
a
definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six
weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
·
an
indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time
ago People lived in caves a long time ago.
·
She played the
piano when she was a child.
Note: the word ago is a
useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is
placed after the period of time: a week ago, three years ago, a
minute ago.
Be Careful: The simple past in English
may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.
B. FORMING
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
PATTERNS OF
SIMPLE PAST TENSE FOR REGULAR VERBS
|
Affirmative
|
||
|
Subject
|
+ verb + ed
|
|
|
I
|
skipped.
|
|
|
Negative
|
||
|
Subject
|
+ did not
|
+
infinitive without to
|
|
They
|
didn't
|
go.
|
|
Interrogative
|
||
|
Did
|
+ subject
|
+
infinitive without to
|
|
Did
|
She
|
arrive?
|
|
Interrogative negative
|
||
|
Did not
|
+ subject
|
+
infinitive without to
|
|
Didn't
|
You
|
play?
|
SIMPLE PAST
TENSE OF TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
||
|
|
Be
|
Have
|
Do
|
|
I
|
Was
|
had
|
did
|
|
You
|
Were
|
had
|
did
|
|
He/She/It
|
Was
|
had
|
did
|
|
We
|
Were
|
had
|
did
|
|
You
|
Were
|
had
|
did
|
|
They
|
Were
|
had
|
did
|
NOTES ON AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, &
INTERROGATIVE FORMS
AFFIRMATIVE
The affirmative
of the simple past tense is simple.
I was in
Japan last year
She had a
headache yesterday.
We did our
homework last night.
NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE
For the
negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an
ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't
do our homework last night.
The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed
using the auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply
adding not or the contraction "n't".
The
interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally
uses the auxiliary "do".
C. EXAMPLES
OF EACH TENSE
1.
Thomas
Edison invented the telephone.
2.
Rocks
float.
3.
You
took a taxi to school today.
4.
You’re
sitting on a soft, comfortable sofa.
5.
You
stayed home all day yesterday.
4.
SIMPLE
PAST CONTINOUS
A. FUNCTIONS
OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS
The past
continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began
in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other
words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.
It is used:
ü
Often,
to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The
sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant
came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade
of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was
looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was
watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was
running towards the river..."
ü
to
describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action,
e.g. "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock
rang."
ü
to
express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at
the beach but I've decided to get my homework done instead."
ü
with 'wonder',
to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you
could baby-sit for me tonight."
Note: with verbs not normally
used in the continuous form, the simple past is used.
B. FORMING
THE PAST CONTINUOUS
The past
continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the
verb "to be" (was/were), and the base of the main
verb +ing.
|
Subject
|
was/were
|
base + ing
|
|
They
|
were
|
watching
|
|
Affirmative
|
||
|
She
|
was
|
reading
|
|
Negative
|
||
|
She
|
wasn't
|
reading
|
|
Interrogative
|
||
|
Was
|
she
|
reading?
|
|
Interrogative
negative
|
||
|
Wasn't
|
she
|
reading?
|
C. EXAMPLES
OF EACH TENSE
1.
They
were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
2.
Caroline
was skiing when she broke her leg.
3.
When
we arrived he was having a bath.
4.
When
the fire started I was watching television.
5.
I
was playing footbal .
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar