ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES , RELATIVE CLAUSE , AND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

•    A sentence is written in active voice when the subject of the sentence performs the action in the sentence.
•     A sentence is written in passive voice when the subject of the sentence has an action done to it by someone or something else.

Example active and passive :

1.    I will clean the house every Saturday. (active)

The house will be cleaned by me every Saturday. (passive)

2.    The staff is required to watch a safety video every year. (active)
A safety video will be watched by the staff every year. (passive)

3.    She faxed her application for a new job. (active)
The application for a new job was faxed by her. (passive)

4.    Tom painted the entire house. (active)
The entire house was painted by Tom. (passive)

5.    The teacher always answers the students’ questions. (active)
The students’ questions are always answered by the teacher. (passive)

RELATIVE CLAUSE

Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them.

DEFINING CLAUSES

A defining or identifying clause tells us which specific person or thing we are talking about in a larger group of people or things. If a defining relative clause is removed, the meaning of the sentence changes significantly. A defining relative clause is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas or parentheses.

EXAMPLES

·        

•     The woman who visited me in the hospital was very kind.
•          The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.
•          The man who stole my backpack has been arrested.
•          The weather that we had this summer was beautiful.

NON-DEFINING CLAUSES

A non-defining or non-essential clause gives us more information about the person or thing we are talking about. If a non-defining relative clause is removed from a sentence, we lose some detail, but the overall meaning of the sentence remains the same. Non-defining relative clauses are always set off from the rest of the sentence with commas or parentheses.

EXAMPLES

·        

•        The farmer, whose name was Fred, sold us 10 pounds of potatoes.
•            Elephants, which are the largest land mammals, live in herds of 10 or more adults.
•   The author, who graduated from the same university I did, gave a wonderful presentation.
•            My mother, who is 86, lives in Paris.

How to Form Relative Clauses 

Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend whether he knows her. You could say :

A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?

That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most important thing  – you want to know who the girl is.

Do you know the girl …

As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the additional information  – the girl is talking to Tom. Use „the girl“ only in the first part of the sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use the relative pronoun „who“). So the final sentence is :

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom ?

  

Relative Pronouns 

Relative Pronoun	Use	Example
Who	subject or object pronoun for people	I told you about the woman who lives next door.
Which	subject or object pronoun for animals and things	Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
Which	referring to a whole sentence	He couldn’t read which surprised me.
Whose	possession for people animals and things	Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
Whom	object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)	I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
That	subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)	I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A conditional sentence is a sentence containing the word if. There are three common types* of conditional sentence:

1.    If clause > present simple tense : main clause > future tense (will)

·         If you help me, I will help you.

·         If I win the lottery, I will buy a new car.

·         If it snows tomorrow, we will go skiing.

2.    If clause > past simple tense : main clause > would

·         If you knew her, you would agree with me.

·         If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.

·         If it snowed tomorrow, we would go skiing.

3.    If clause > past perfect tense : main clause > would have

·         If you had helped me, I would have helped you.

·         If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a new car.

·         If it had snowed yesterday, we would have gone skiing.

Of course, it is possible to start conditional sentences with the main clause:

·         I will buy a new car if I win the lottery.

·         I would buy a new car if I won the lottery.

·         I would have bought a new car if I had won the lottery.

English speakers choose one of the three conditional structures as follows :

A.    Conditional one - to express a simple statement of fact or intent :

·         I will buy a new car if I win the lottery.

·         I will go home if you don't stop criticizing me.

·         You will fail your exams if you don't start working harder.

·         She will lose all her friends if she continues to talk about them behind their backs.

B.    Conditional two - to refer to a present unreal situation or to a situation in the future that the speaker thinks is unlikely to happen :

·         If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car. (but I don't have a lot of money)

·         If I were you, I would tell him you're sorry. (but I am not you)

·         If I won the lottery, I would buy a new house. (but I don't expect to win the lottery)

·         If it snowed tomorrow, we would go skiing. (but I don't have much hope that it will snow)

C.   Conditional three - to refer to the past and situations that did not happen

·         If it had snowed yesterday, we would have gone skiing. (but it didn't snow, so we didn't go skiing)

·         If you had studied harder, you would have passed your test. (but you didn't study hard, so you didn't pass your test)

·         If I had known that, I would have told you. (but I didn't know, so I didn't tell you)

·         If she hadn't been driving slowly, she would have had an accident. (but she was driving slowly, so she didn't have an accident)

 REFERENSI : 

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses

http://www.primaryresources.co.uk/english/active.htm

PRONOUN

PRONOUNS

Definition

A pronoun (I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.) is a word that takes the place of a noun. In the sentenceJoe saw Jill, and he waved at her, the pronouns he and her take the place of Joe and Jill, respectively. There are three types of pronouns: subject (for example, he); object (him); orpossessive (his).

KINDS OF PRONOUNS                        

A.   Personal Pronouns:  

                          

SINGULAR				PLURAL
	subjective	objective	possessive	subjective	objective	possessive
1st person	I	me	my, mine	we	us	our, ours
2nd person	you	you	your, yours	you	you	your, yours
3rd person	he she it	him her it	his her,  hers its	they	them	their, theirs

                         

Personal pronouns have the following characteristics:

1.  three persons (points of view)        1st person - the one(s) speaking  (I  me my  mine  we  us our ours)        2nd person - the one(s) spoken to  (you your yours)        3rd person - the one(s) spoken about  (he  him  his  she her hers  it  its  they  their  theirs)         Examples          2.  three genders        feminine  (she  her  hers)        masculine (he  him  his)        neuter  (it its  they them their theirs)              Examples              3.  two numbers        singular (I  me  my  mine  you  your  yours  he  him  his  she  her  hers it its)        plural  (we  us  our  ours  you  your yours  they  them  their  theirs)             Examples            4.  three cases       subjective (I  you  he  she  it  we  they)       possessive  (my  mine  your  yours  his  her  hers  our  ours  their  theirs)       objective   (me  you  him  her  it  us  them)            Examples - subjective case

Examples - possessive case                           Examples - objective case            NOTE:  Because of pronoun case, the pronoun's form changes with its function in the sentence.  Follow this link to pronoun case for more information.

B.      Demonstrative Pronouns:

                    

                   

Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as determiners.

Example:

Hand me that hammer. (that describes the noun hammer)

                           

Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as qualifiers:

Example:

She wanted that much money? (that describes the adjective much)

                

C. Reflexive / Intensive Pronouns :  the "self" pronouns

                 

These pronouns can be used only to reflect or intensify a word already there in the sentence.

              

Reflexive / intensive pronouns CANNOT REPLACE personal pronouns.

                        

Examples:

I saw myself  in the mirror. (Myself is a reflexive pronoun, reflecting the pronoun I.)

I’ll do it myself. (Myself is an intensive pronoun, intensifying the pronoun I.)

                                     

Note:  The following words are substandard and should not be used:

                          

             theirselves       theirself          hisself         ourself

                                   

D. Indefinite Pronouns:

                            

Singular:

one	someone	anyone	no one	everyone
each	somebody	anybody	nobody	everybody
(n)either	something	anything	nothing	everything

                                    

Examples:

Somebody is coming to dinner.

Neither of us believes a word Harry says.

Plural :

     

Examples:

Both are expected at the airport at the same time.

Several have suggested canceling the meeting.

Singular with non-countables / Plural with countables:

Examples:

Some of the dirt has become a permanent part of the rug.

Some of the trees have been weakened by the storm.

Indefinite pronouns use apostrophes to indicate possessive case.

Examples:

The accident is nobody’s fault.

How will the roadwork affect one's daily commute?

Some indefinite pronouns may also be used as determiners.

one, each, either, neither, some, any, one, all, both, few, several, many, most

Note the differences:

Each person has a chance.

(Each is a determiner describing person.)

Each has a chance.

(Each is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)

Both lawyers pled their cases well.

(Both is a determiner describing  lawyers.)

Both were in the room.

(Both is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)

E. Interrogative Pronouns:

Interrogative pronouns produce information questions that require more than a “yes” or “no” answer.

Examples:

What do you want?

Who is there?

F. Relative Pronouns:

Relative pronouns introduce relative (adjectival) clauses.

Note:	Use who, whom, and whose to refer to people.
	Use that and which to refer to things.

https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/pronouns.htm